Forensic Forensics Arthropods And Legal Investigations

Forensic Entomology: Arthropods and Legal Investigations. Kimberley S. Ndlovu Missouri Valley College Abstract Forensic entomology is an important part of forensic science. Forensic Entomology: Arthropods and Legal Investigations. Forensic science is the past, present and future of justice systems around the world. It has made the jobs of those in the justice system less challenging and made the lives of criminals less bearable. One of the many disciplines of forensic science is forensic entomology which is the study and use of arthropods to help in legal investigations. Forensic entomology has been around since the medieval times and it has grown from then to sub disciplines of forensic entomology with the medicolegal sub discipline being the most employed in criminal cases. The science behind forensic entomology is the integration of other areas of science, which are the decomposition timeline of bodies, the life cycle of insects and the types of insects that will invade that body and the knowledge of how to collect and rear them will help estimate the time between death and discovery, called the Post Mortem Interval, and with the help of other disciplinarians of forensic science, all the information gather ed could be used by an expert witness to testify in a trial and help to reach a verdict. With the growing interest and recognition of forensic entomology nowadays, the discovery of this form of forensics can be credited to a number of scientistsShow MoreRelatedSenior Seminar Research Proposal Essay3231 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Forensic entomology is used to determine such crimes as murder, suicide, and other criminal acts by examining various insects instead of using human tissues. This forensic tool is used to determine the postmortem interval of a corpse and the cause of death of a corpse when all other forms of human evidence (human blood, tissues, hair, etc.) are not present at the scene. Forensic entomologists prefer using insects to determine these factors of death because the insects produce similarRead MoreThe Role Of Forensic Science And Criminal Investigations2559 Words   |  11 Pages Role of Forensic Science in Criminal Investigations Author’s Name Author’s Institution Role of Forensic Science in Criminal Investigations Forensic science involves the use of science to solve criminal and civil crimes but mostly lies on the side of criminal investigations. It makes it possible to identify the criminals based on the DNA traces they leave behind. It involves analyses of blood, DNA and other evidences and later on uses the findings as evidence in the courtRead MoreOrigin of Forensic Science Essay2718 Words   |  11 PagesORIGIN AND SERVICES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE â€Å"For most people, forensic science means cops and fingerprints and DNA analysis. All of that is still true, but these days forensic science encompasses much more.† Forensic science, also known as forensics, may generally be defined as the application of scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge to assist courts in resolving questions of fact in civil and criminal trials. In other words forensic science, in its broadest definition, is theRead MoreHow does the number of maggots in the mass affect the temperature of maggot mass and development of maggots in the mass?2709 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Investigation:   How does the number of maggots in the mass affect the temperature of maggot mass and development of maggots in the mass? Abstract The aim of this investigation is to find a correlation between the number of maggots in the mass and the temperature of maggot mass. To find the correlation the different number of maggots in each mass was placed in (the isolated by glass beakers) polystyrene cups. The internal temperature of masses was obtained regularly every 10 minutes during 30

Australian Migration Laws Section 201 and 501

Question: Describe about the Australian Migration Laws for Section 201 and 501. Answer: Letter of Advice in Relation to section 201 and section 501 of the Migration Act There are two important laws that identify the conditions to use in cancelling the visa of an immigrant and deporting him back to his country. These laws are section 201 of the 1958 Australian Immigrant Act and section 501 of the same act[1]. As an immigrant, Billy has stayed for more than 15 years in Australia and because of his criminal activities; he has been sentenced to five years in prison. Therefore, chances are high that his visa will be cancelled based on sec 501 of the immigration act. This letter is an advice to Billy, on the legislations and requirements of section 201 and 501, and his options, if the minister cancels his visa. Section 201 of the 2001 Migration Act allows immigration officials to deport a non-citizen who has resided in Australia for a period of not more than 10 years. Therefore, for this law to apply, the victim must be convicted of a criminal offence. The offence must be serious; whose punishment should not be less than a year. Basing on these facts, the offences that Billy committed are very serious, since they attracted a penalty of five years in prison. However, under s 201 of the Migration Act, the visa of Billy cannot be revoked, nor can he be deported back to New Zealand. This is because he lived in Australia for more than ten years. However, there are some exemptions that can allow the Minister of Immigration to cancel the visa of Billy. This exemption touches on the character of Billy and they are found in section 501 of the Immigration Act. On this note, before the cancellation of a visa, section 501 identifies two stages that can be used in the decision making process. The first stage is to identify whether the victim passes the character test, as spelt out in 501 (6)[2]. Subsection 501 (6) identifies the grounds in which an immigrant may fail the character test. These grounds are divided into five group or categories. These categories are whether the criminal record of the immigrant is substantial, whether the immigrant has broken the terms of his visa and determining any association that the immigrant has with criminal gangs. Others include the capability of the immigrant to commit crime in future and the existence of a past criminal record against the immigrant. Therefore, if the minister is satisfied that the immigrant meets the threshold of these tests, he triggers the second stage of the decision making process, as identified in section 501. It is at this stage, that the Minister can make a decision on whether to cancel the visa or not. During this process, the minister can rely on section 499 of the Migration Act[3]. This act gives a Minister the power of coming up with directions, and authorizing institutions formed under the act to act in accordance to the directions. Currently, ministerial direction 55 is used as a guide to cancel and revoke the visa of an immigrant. The following are the main considerations given, when the immigration department seeks to cancel a visa based on direction 55; protecting the people of Australia from criminal activities of the immigrant, protecting the interests of a minor and implementing the international obligations it owes to the immigrant. Basing on these facts, it is possible to denote that under Direction 55, Billy can be deported back to New Zealand. This is because he is a convicted pedophile; hence, his presence in Australia would threaten the safety of children. He has also been convicted of a criminal activity that is causing death through drunken driving. All these satisfy the guidelines that are identified by Ministerial Directive 55, on the cancellation and revocation of a visa[4]. It is important to note that once a visa is revoked, the process of getting another visa or remaining in Australia is very low. In as much as it is possible to appeal against the sentence, chances of success are always low and the judicial process that follows after the application is complex. In this scenario, the option that you have is to appeal against the decision by the Minister of Immigration to the Federal Circuit Court. This court has the power and mandate to review some of the decisions that are made under the 1958 migration act. This includes the decisions that are made by the Minister, the Immigration Assessment Authority and the Administrative Appeals Tribunal[5]. In as much as the Circuit Court may have the jurisdiction to carry out a Judicial Review, it will only concentrate on examining whether a jurisdictional error occurred. The court will analyze if the law has been breached while revoking the visa, and the remedies it can provide are, referring the case back to the Minister or preventing the Minister from implementing his decision. However, the court cannot analyze the case based on the reasons for the revocation of the visa. The court will not admit any new evidence, unless it aims at proving that an error of the law was made by the Minister while revoking the visa. A good example of a judicial review heard by the Federal Circuit Court is Wei versus the Minister of Migration[6]. In this case, Wei was a Chinese student and his visa was revoked because of violating the terms of his visa, through an extended time. However, it is the university that failed to issue a confirmation of enrollment on time. The circuit court agreed to hear the appeal based on determining whether there was a jurisdictional error or a breach in procedural fairness. To conclude, the Minister of Migration cannot revoke your visa based on s 201 of the Migration Act. This is because a person who has lived in Australia for more than ten years cannot be deported nor his visa cancelled. However, s 501 of the Migration Act provides circumstance where the minister can cancel or revoke the visa of an immigrant[7]. For this to happen, the immigrant must fail the character test. For instance, the immigrant must be convicted for a period of more than one year, he must be a threat to minors and must have violated the terms and conditions of his visa. Based on these facts, your visa can be cancelled because you do not pass the character test. However, the decision of the Minister can be appealed at the Federal Circuit Court. The grounds of appeal must be based on a jurisdictional error. Yours Faithfully The Grounds a Minister can cancel Billys Visa. Revocation or cancellation of a visa has the capability of causing a serious violation of the human rights of the victim. Therefore, the discretionary powers of the Minister to cancel or revoke a visa are always subjected to a limited process of review. This means that few institutions that are established in the constitution and under the migration act can overrule the decision of the Minister to cancel a visa or the decision of a tribunal on migration matters. As mentioned earlier on, section 501, 501A and 501B of the 2001 Migration Act provides the Minister with powers that can help him protect the interests of the immigrants and that of the people of Australia[8]. These powers are, Capability to cancel the visa of an immigrant or refuse their application. Cancel the decision of the immigration officers and that of the tribunal, substituting it with his decision on whether to grant or cancel a visa. However, the Minister will interfere with the decision of immigration officials only if the matter being handled has elicited a significant amount of public interest. It is important to note that while coming up with these decisions, the Minister does not have to follow Direction No 55. This is because the Minister has a power of coming up with his own Direction, as long as the directions does not contradict the 2001 Migrations Act or the laws of Australia. The legislation giving the Minister Powers to create his own Directive is section 499[9]. Furthermore, the migration tribunals and the migration officers can only challenge the legality of the Directives, and take the case for judicial review. In the case of Billy, there are a number of grounds that a minister can cancel the visa belonging to him. The first ground is that Billy does not pass the character test. Billy has failed the character test in two major ways. The first failure is that he is a convicted criminal, who has been sentenced to five years in prison. Billy is also a pedophile, and he is guilty of sexually molesting young girls. Section 501 (6) provides guidance on what constitutes a bad character. According to section 501 (6), a person will not pass a character test if he has a substantial criminal record[10]. Section 201 of the Criminal Act provides information on what a substantial criminal record is. A substantial criminal record is where an individual has been sentenced to more than one year in prison. Furthermore, this is a definition that is found in section 501 (7) of the 1958 Migration Act[11]. Basing on these facts, it is possible to denote that Billy fails the character test; hence the Minister can order for the cancellation of the visa belonging to Billy and his deportation to New Zealand. However, it is important to denote that failure to pass character test is not a guarantee that the visa of an immigrant will be cancelled. Ministerial Directive 21 provides other factors to consider before cancelling a visa[12]. The directive identifies three important factors to consider before visa cancellation. These factors are, if the individual is a danger to the Australian community, if his actions breaches the expectations of the Australian community and the decision will protect a child who is aged below 18 years[13]. Paereau v the Minister for Migration is an important case where the court had to determine the importance of protecting the needs of a minor when it comes to the cancellation of a visa[14]. From the ruling of this case, the court denoted that the interests of children who are near the victim must be assessed before coming up with a decision on whether to cancel or not to cancel the visa of an immigrant. On this basis, by carefully looking at these considerations, it is possible to denote that the decision to cancel the Visa of an immigrant lies on the manner which the immigrant relates with the Australian community. This is because the three major conditions identified by Directive 21 are aimed at protecting the community from any harm, which may occur because of the reckless behavior of an immigrant[15]. Therefore, considering the behavior of Billy, his presence in Australia is not guaranteed, because he fails all the consideration identified under Ministerial Directive 21; hence, he is a danger to the Australian community. However, Directive 55 identifies circumstances when an individual would not be deported if he fails the character test. This includes if members of his immediate family are Australian citizens, have a permanent residency status in Australia, has a considerable business interests in the country, he is vulnerable to social and financial problems because of his age, etc. Basing on these facts, if the Minister decides to cancel the visa belonging to Billy, he can appeal to the High Court or even the Federal Court[16]. The basis of appeal must be on error of the law, as opposed to error of the facts. This is a precedent that has been set in the case of Pareau v The Minister (2013), and a number of case laws that were heard in these courts. Finally, there are chances that the Minister of Migration might cancel the visa belonging to Billy; hence, ordering his deportation. This is because Billy fails the character test established under section 501 (6). Furthermore, Billy has been sentenced to five years in prison, and hence, he is guilty of an offence that can be categorized as a substantial criminal offence. Furthermore, he is a danger to the Australian society because of his history of molesting minors. Therefore, the minister can order for his deportation. However, he can appeal against the decision of the minister at the Federal Court or the High Court. Bibliography Books, Articles and Journals Australian Immigration Law Practice - Continuing Professional Development (University of New South Wales, Faculty of Law, Centre for Continuing Legal Education, 2010) Billings, Peter, "Irregular Maritime Migration And The Pacific Solution Mark II: Back To The Future For Refugee Law And Policy In Australia?" (2013) 20 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights Crock, Mary E and Laurie Berg, Immigration, Refugees And Forced Migration (Federation Press, 2011) Judicial Review In Migration Matters (Dept. of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, 2001) Nieuwenhuysen, J. P, John Higley and Stine Neerup, Nations Of Immigrants (Edward Elgar, 2009) Noll, Gregor, "The Laws Of Undocumented Migration" (2010) 12 European Journal of Migration and Law Ogawa, Megumi, "Notice Of Invitation To Appear: The Statutory Notice Period In The Migration Review Tribunal And The Refugee Review Tribunal In Australia" (2013) 3 International Journal of Public Law and Policy Seuffert, Nan and Tahu Kukutai, Under The Eye Of The Law (Legal Intersections Research Centre, University of Wollongong, 2011) Stephenson, S., "Constitutional Reengineering: Dialogue's Migration From Canada To Australia" (2013) 11 International Journal of Constitutional Law Tarakson, Stella, The Law In Australia (Heinemann Library, 2007) Vrachnas, John, Migration And Refugee Law In Australia (Cambridge University Press, 2007) Legislations and Cases Migration Act 1958 section 201 Migration Act 1958 section 499 Migration Act 1958 section 501A Migration Act 1958 section 501 (6) Migration Act 1958 section 501 (7) Paerau v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2013] FCA 1119; 138 ALD 83 Wei v MinisterforImmigrationand Border Protection. [2015] HCA 51. [16] Stella Tarakson,The Law In Australia(Heinemann Library, 2007).

Race Relations Act Essay Example

Race Relations Act Essay There has been a great deal of pressure on the government and on the police after the Stephen Lawrence murder to get things right and bring justice to the murders, in spite of this the Damilola case was not conducted properly. Some people blame the system and the police for not providing enough protection for the main witness and checking out the statements fully before the trial. Some people think that the amount of money spent on this case could have been used for safety and prevention measures, as children should be brought up in a safe environment, not in constant terror. Others believe that the local community let Damilola down by not answering to police enquiries. The police are not to blame for not getting the answers needed, but his neighbours and local area for refusing to help to solve his murder. Legislation in themselves do not stop discrimination just like speed cameras do not stop people speeding. The existence of a law does send out a very clear message that discrimination is not acceptable under any circumstances and there are consequences for those who decide to disregard the laws. All policies are only effective in promoting their aims if staff are committed to implementing them, if they are properly resourced and regularly evaluated, reviewed and updated. Policies can increase awareness, but will not in themselves, change attitudes or practice. Beaver et al. (1999) This quote shows that policy guidelines need to be carried out with good practice; just having the policy is not enough to prevent racism occurring in the future. Good practice is essential for children to enhance their social, physical, emotional, intellectual and linguistic development. We will write a custom essay sample on Race Relations Act specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Race Relations Act specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Race Relations Act specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even with all these Acts, policies and legislation present in the current law, if racism related cases are taken to court, according to Beaver (2001) Successful prosecutions are comparatively rare. The law in its current state needs to be amended so that the legal system defends the accused more than witnesses and the suffering families. The criminal judicial service needs to be reformed so that prosecutions are more achievable. As the strongest way of promotion the media should encourage anti-discriminatory practice. Race Relations Act 1976 The passing of this Act makes it illegal to discriminate anyone on grounds of race, colour, nationality (including citizenship), ethnic origin or national rights in housing, education, employment, entertainment and provision of services and goods. This Act also set up the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE), which carries out research, sends out information, and carries out investigations into cases of alleged racial discrimination both directly and indirectly. Method This is how I carried out my investigation. 1. I asked my supervisor for permission to do an investigation about racism and anti-discrimination / bias. 2. I photocopied the Equal Opportunities Policy 3. I devised a resources tick chart for all the rooms at the nursery 4. I devised a questionnaire for the staff at the nursery 5. I used textbooks to help me with theory With the resources tick chart I walked around all the rooms of the nursery checking whether each room had all the resources on the list. If they did it got a tick, if not then a cross. I showed the manager a copy of the questionnaire for approval before I gave them out to each member of staff. I asked politely if they could fill them in if they had time over the next few days. I collected the completed questionnaires and compiled the results together with the results from the resources. Presentation of my Results Only one person knew of any relevant legislation out of the 6 people I asked, but still could not name any. This shows that more training is needed to promote the awareness of Racial Equality within the day nursery so that adults know they can be protected against racial allegations and also be a good role model for the children in their care. All 6 people were aware of any posters or statements, but only half of staff knew where the Equal Opportunities Policy was kept. The majority of people knew there was a poster promoting children from different cultures. There could be more staff meetings to discuss and refresh staff on the whereabouts of important policies. 60% of staff thought that the resources were adequate but these opinions were from the staff from rooms of the older children 3-5years, where they appear to use the resources more than the under 2s children. The staff from the baby unit felt dolls with disabilities were missing.

Understanding Job Analysis Essay Example

Understanding Job Analysis Essay Example Understanding Job Analysis Essay Understanding Job Analysis Essay Web Exercise: Understanding Job Analysis Week 3 Human Resources Management Professor Lawrence R. A. Prosper March 23, 2013 1. How easy was it to find the specific occupation you were looking for, and how comprehensive was the information provided about that occupation? I was immediately impressed by the O*NET Resource Center after opening the site. The design was smart and the site was easy to navigate despite the many choices available to explore. This is a great example of what a Government agency working with the business community and the actual workers from each occupation can accomplish. A wealth of useful information is presented to the public at no cost in an easy to use format. I was quickly able to locate information that was specific to my chosen occupation. My current job title is Special Projects Manager which is a hybrid description. My primary duties are to initiate the acquisition of production machinery and when needed, additional building space to install the equipment; that is the Project Manager role. I also ideate and participate in projects related to safety, facilities management and production flows which justifies the Special Projects designation. I selected Project Manager in my search and was directed to the page for Architectural Engineering Managers which gave a brief description of similar titles (Project Engineer, Project Engineering Manager), what these managers do, and what they would be expected to do on the job. The last item listed some on the job duties as to direct, review, or approve project design changes and to confer with management, production, or marketing staff to discuss project specifications or procedures: basically , my assigned duties. Following the link to Advanced Manufacturing, I was able to see examples of descriptive information about specific jobs. This page had a graphic of a sample career Ladder/Lattice for Advanced Manufacturing which was very similar to my actual career path. The job titles were a bit different but did show a familiar progression from helper, to operator, to production supervisor, to engineering/production manager. This was my path to my current position but I made it here without a college degree, a feat that would be impossible in this company today. I maneuvered to the Engineering Manager page and found more job specific information. A good amount of detail was devoted to the Job Description and some mention of the required education, workforce preparation, work experience, licensure/certifications, salary and the employment outlook for the next 10 years. The information for this occupation was easy to read and comprehensive. As someone who is presently in this field I can say the duties and expectations presented are realistic. For a person considering pursuing a career in this area a path can be established to achieve that goal by using this resource as a guide. What did you think of the occupations O*NET suggested as matching your skills? Was the occupation you are in or preparing for among those listed? This exercise has confirmed that I have ended up in an occupation that suits my skill sets, abilities and personality. The non-scientific results earned on the Interest Profiler test were also quite representative of me as a person and the specific area scores did indicate an affinity for my chosen field. My chosen occupation is Project Manager and this was among the professions listed. I continue to prepare for this occupation by attending college to complete my degree despite having worked at my company for 29 years. A Project Manager works alone while being involved with coordinating the work of many unconnected groups simultaneously. It can be a demanding profession and may not provide satisfaction to certain personalities. The skills detailed on the O*Net are well defined and can be interpreted as needing one to be technically knowledgeable, have good people skills, and to be adaptable to changes in the scope of a project. Math skills are important in the product design and for producing the cost analyses and project justifications. I recently completed algebra and statistics which the job description notes as necessary. Character skills are described as needing attention to detail, integrity, adaptability, analytical thinking, dependability and stress tolerance. I match up well in those areas and at times tend to overdo the attention to detail. Problem solving skills are used to notice a problem and figure out the best way to solve it. This is a difficult skill to master and sometimes the logical solution is not the best choice as a solution. Finally, there are project management software tools available and learning to use them benefits the project and the teams involved in the work progression. You can also contact them to tell them your computer has died and you want to use the program on your new computer. They are the ones to reset the activation counts. Just explain what has happened. NP124865399 2. As an HR professional, how could O*NET be useful in conducting a job analysis? Explain specifically how you would use the data from this site to assist your organization. 3. As a director of human resources, would you have your staff use this site? Why or why not?

SWOT analysis of Apple Computers, Inc Research Paper

SWOT analysis of Apple Computers, Inc - Research Paper Example Apple Computers Inc is a Cupertino, California based company which has brought about a whole change in the history of computers. It has history relating to the 1970s as it came into being in the 1976. It has brought major changes in the design of the computers and since then made their way to success. The company made some major changes in the field of computers by introducing Macintosh (Williams, 2007). Till now it has developed some major features in the field of computers and these features are supposedly taken as granted by the consumers. Graphical User Interface is one important feature in the computers designed by Apple Computers Inc. The company has even saw downfalls in the 90s when it did not license it technology and the shares of the company fell to as low as 2%. However after a certain period of time Apple Computers Inc has began to rise and has made several products so as to bring a revolution in the computer world. This essay would further present a SWOT analysis of the multinational and would figure out possible recommendations for my own company to play a larger role in the field of computers today (Scott, 2008). -The wide variety of products designed by Apple has given them greater market variety over other competitors. It has not only entered the arena of computers but also of digital music and a music player known as Ipod designed by them has increased their profits by a greater share (Levy, 2006). And as they have developed a likeness for their brand their Macintosh computers are also sold excessively throughout the world. The variety of notebooks is also a plus feature for Apple inc as because of brand likeness the notebooks are also sold excessively throughout. The variety of Apple in terms of products gives them a particular edge of strength over other competitors (Williams, 2007). -Brand Loyalty to the brand has also increased as they have entered a set of new features in this world. Many of the customers trust the product designed by the brand and this boosts the increase in the sales of the brand. Brand Loyalty helps Apple to not only recruit the customers but also make them come back in future for products. These customers are then offered new products and this boosts the overall cycle of sales (Williams, 2007). -The state of art products designed by Apple Inc even attracts new customers towards its brand. The art of having stylish designs makes Apple have an edge over other competitors. The design qualities can also be counted in the strengths of the organization as most of the products launched by Apple are stylish. The design of the Apple products helps it to attract more customers towards the brand (Apple Computer Corporation) -Apple Inc has successfully invested in research and development schemes which enter the local market and find out what exactly the people are in need of. This helps them to develop a product which is the need of the market. The demand of the people is strictly met by the organization of Apple when launching new products. This can be counted as a major strength too as research and development department play important role in improving the image of a certain company. It helps them to develop a product of such sort that it is liked by everyone (Apple Computer Corporation). -The marketing scheme of Apple is widely applauded as it is

Relection paper on case hospital strategy for survival Research

Relection on case hospital strategy for survival - Research Paper Example Public hospitals were faced with a serious shortage of funds to support their operations. Most of them ended up shutting down permanently, while other merged with various institutions in order to stay afloat (Scott 3). It is interesting to note that despite the fact that O’Brien was backed up by City officials, they still required him to prove the economic viability of the Cambridge Hospital. Being a director of a public health institution, the challenges were endless. Private hospitals were not making the situation easier as they sought to conquer the territories that were previously held by public hospitals (Scott 6). The journey of keeping the hospital afloat has been far from easy. The management has tried severally but the challenges have been persistent. Despite the financial challenges, the City Council of Cambridge has been seen to interfere with the smooth operations of the hospital. The scrutiny on the hospital’s budget by the city council was somewhat obsessive (Scott 15). It would have been easy for any CEO of a public hospital to give up and walk away when faced with such challenges such as lack of support from the city government and patients. The hospital should be lauded for its endless efforts such as strong campaigns to attract and retain customers. The innovative programs also contributed to the success of the hospital. Just as the CEO reflected, having observed the course of the hospital’s progress, there are many issues of optimism and concern (Scott 20). One such issue of concern is the nature of health care over the years and the relationship with the city council. This case should be an eye opener to all public institutions that are being faced with challenges of surviving. The only question I have is why there have to be so many challenges to the process of reviving a

Political Science Paper Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political Science Paper Proposal - Assignment Example The events are attributed to the varying economic policies pursued by the various political ideologies. The Republicans have been containing the inflation rate which can only be realized by allowing some level of unemployment in the economy as demonstrated by Philip's curve. Frymer on his part considers the role of Black Americans in the national politics and how they are very critical in determining the outcome of each presidential election in the United States. His theory affirms the fact that the African-American interests, as well as voices, have been ignored in a number of instances by both the two political divides as they all majored on other groups that seemed to be more predictive in determining the outcome of an election process. The interests of the African-Americans have thus been left out in legislative policymaking and campaigns. His views appear to b in contrast to that of Bartels who is of the opinion that one party promotes inequality while the other party promotes e quality. Race plays a key role in the politics of America and this leads to inequality and marginalization based on the races. However, the two authors are in agreement that the government of the day plays a key role in determining the standards of living of various social classes and races. Further analysis of the works of these two scholars will reveal inner facts on the political landscape in America and how it affects the entire nation and its inhabitants irrespective of their cultural beliefs, race, and socio-economic status.